Notes：
1) Algae distirbuted in aquatic and terresterial environment. There are 3 types of aquatic environment:
- Planktonic- suspended in aqueous environemnt
- Benthic- attached and living in the bottom of water
- Neustonic- at water-atmosphere interface
2) Algae are photoautotrophic or chemoheterotrophic organisms.
3) Algae can reproduce sexually and asexually (fragmentation, spores and binary fission).
4) The process of the formation of gametes called gametogenesis. The female structure is called oogonia and eggs will produced. The male structure is called antheridia and sperms will produced. The fusion of eggs and sperms will form zygote.
5) There are two categories in sexual reproduction:
Two different types of gametes are produced. The male sperms is typically very small, highly motile, and is produced in very large numbers. The female eggs are much larger and non motile.3) Algae can reproduce sexually and asexually (fragmentation, spores and binary fission).
4) The process of the formation of gametes called gametogenesis. The female structure is called oogonia and eggs will produced. The male structure is called antheridia and sperms will produced. The fusion of eggs and sperms will form zygote.
5) There are two categories in sexual reproduction:
- Isogamy
- Heterogamy
6) There are 7 divisions of algae and 5 from kingdom protista and 2 from kingdom plantae.
- Chlorophyta (protista)
- unicellular or multicellular
- green
- contain chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b
- green
- contain chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b
- store glucose and energy in the form of starch
- contain carotenoid
- cell wall made up of cellulose
- can undergo sexual and asexual reproduction
- form different structure: unicellular, colonial, filamentous, membranous and goblet
- unicellular or multicellular
- cell wall contain microfibril and mucilaginous matrix which composed of agar, funori, porphysan and carrageenan. All these substances give flexible and slippery texture to rhodophyta.
- undergo sexual reproduction
- store glucose and energy in the form of floridean strach
- contain chlorophyll a and d, phycocyanin (blue) and phycoerythrin (red)
- chlorophyll a and c, xanthophylls, beta-carotene, violaxanthin
- multicellular
- cellulose or algin cell wall
- sexual reproduction
- store glucose and energy in the form of laminarin
a) Golden-brown algae
b) Yellow-green algae
c) Diatoms
- produce domic acid
- chlorophyll a and c
- unicellular
- peptin and silica cell wall
- sexual reprodution
- caratenoid fucoxanthin is the important pigment in chrysophyta
- Fucoxanthin is the dominant pigment in golden-brown algae
- store glucose and energy in the form of chrysolaminarin
- marine and fresh water algae
- brown
- 2 flagella in perpendicular opposite grooves
- some produce neurotoxins
- can cause red tides
- chlorophyll a and c
- cellulose cell wall, carotenoid and xantohophyll
- store starch
- free living endosymbionts
- unicellular flagellated
- chlorophyll a and b, carotene
- can spontaneous lost chlorophyll in dark - heterotrophic organisms
- no cell wall
- rigid plasma membrane - pellicle
- no sexual reproduction
- store glucose and energy in the form of paramylon
My own explorace:
1) Carotenoid usually perform two kind of functions in photosynthesis. They serve as accessory light harvesting pigments, extending the range of wavelengths over which light can drive photosynthesis, and they act to protect the chlorophyllous pigments from the harmful photodestructive reaction which occurs in the presence of oxygen.
2) Violaxanthin is a natural xanthophyll pigment with an orange color found in a variety of plants.
3) There are few importance of diatoms:
- food source for fish and marine animals
- dead atoms will sink to the bottom of ocean and from diatomaceous earth
- diatomaceous earth can used in detergents, abrasive polishes, paint, removers and also used to control insects and as the indicators of water quality.
4) To the insects, the diatomaceous earth is a lethal dust with microscopic sharp edges that cut through the insect’s protective covering, causing them to dry out, thus killing them when they are either dusted with the diatomaceous earth or applied in a wet spray form.
5) Algae suitable to be indicator of water quality because of their nutrient needs, rapid reproduction and short life cycle. They respond quickly both in species composition and densities to a wide range of water conditions due to changes in water chemistry.
- form different structure: unicellular, colonial, filamentous, membranous and goblet
- Rhodophyta ( belongs to kingdom plantae )
- unicellular or multicellular
- cell wall contain microfibril and mucilaginous matrix which composed of agar, funori, porphysan and carrageenan. All these substances give flexible and slippery texture to rhodophyta.
- undergo sexual reproduction
- store glucose and energy in the form of floridean strach
- contain chlorophyll a and d, phycocyanin (blue) and phycoerythrin (red)
- Phaeophyta ( belongs to kingdom plantae )
- chlorophyll a and c, xanthophylls, beta-carotene, violaxanthin
- multicellular
- cellulose or algin cell wall
- sexual reproduction
- store glucose and energy in the form of laminarin
- Chrysophyta
a) Golden-brown algae
b) Yellow-green algae
c) Diatoms
- produce domic acid
- chlorophyll a and c
- unicellular
- peptin and silica cell wall
- sexual reprodution
- caratenoid fucoxanthin is the important pigment in chrysophyta
- Fucoxanthin is the dominant pigment in golden-brown algae
- store glucose and energy in the form of chrysolaminarin
- Pyrrophyta
- marine and fresh water algae
- brown
- 2 flagella in perpendicular opposite grooves
- some produce neurotoxins
- can cause red tides
- chlorophyll a and c
- cellulose cell wall, carotenoid and xantohophyll
- store starch
- free living endosymbionts
- Euglenophyta
- unicellular flagellated
- chlorophyll a and b, carotene
- can spontaneous lost chlorophyll in dark - heterotrophic organisms
- no cell wall
- rigid plasma membrane - pellicle
- no sexual reproduction
- store glucose and energy in the form of paramylon
My own explorace:
1) Carotenoid usually perform two kind of functions in photosynthesis. They serve as accessory light harvesting pigments, extending the range of wavelengths over which light can drive photosynthesis, and they act to protect the chlorophyllous pigments from the harmful photodestructive reaction which occurs in the presence of oxygen.
2) Violaxanthin is a natural xanthophyll pigment with an orange color found in a variety of plants.
3) There are few importance of diatoms:
- food source for fish and marine animals
- dead atoms will sink to the bottom of ocean and from diatomaceous earth
- diatomaceous earth can used in detergents, abrasive polishes, paint, removers and also used to control insects and as the indicators of water quality.
4) To the insects, the diatomaceous earth is a lethal dust with microscopic sharp edges that cut through the insect’s protective covering, causing them to dry out, thus killing them when they are either dusted with the diatomaceous earth or applied in a wet spray form.
5) Algae suitable to be indicator of water quality because of their nutrient needs, rapid reproduction and short life cycle. They respond quickly both in species composition and densities to a wide range of water conditions due to changes in water chemistry.
Reflection:
As I compare the algae notes from Dr. Sieo and Dr.Wan, both notes are informative. There are a lot of additional information that contain in either notes but not in another notes. I have learnt a lot about algae from both notes. One of the difficulty when study algae is to memorise the pigments contain in different types of algae. I feel interested in the practical importance of algae and other microorganisms because I don't want just study but at least to know how microorganisms contribute to us.
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