Notes:
1) The main purpose of inclusions are to reserve deposits when it's plentyful and use it when it's deficient.
2) Metachromatic granules also known as volutin and used in the synthesis of ATP.
3) Metachromatic granules stain red with certain blue dyes.
4) Polysaccharide granules consist of glycogen and starch. Glycogen and starch can be differentiated by iodine. Glycogen granules will indicate reddish brown colour while starch will indicate blue colour.
5) Lipid inclusions act as storage material and can be revealed by Sudan dyes.
6) Sulfur granules derive energy by oxidising sulfur and sulfur-containing compounds.
7) Carboxysomes used for carbon dioxide fixation during photosynthesis.
8) Magnetosomes contain iron oxide that act like magnet. It is to protect the cell against hydrogen peroxide accumulation and to look for oxygen concentrated area.
9) Gas vesicles also known as gas vacuole. We called it gas vesicles when it is found in prokaryotes while in eukaryotes we called it gas vacuole. It is to provide buoyancy for aquatic prokaryotes and mostly found in photosynthetis group of prokaryotes.
10) Endospores are formed during harsh condition by some bacteria and it will germinate during suitable condition.
11) Endospores cannot be destroyed easily. They resist to chemicals, radiation, heat and acids.
12) Endospores contain substances that are absent from vegetative cells especially dipicolinic acid. This substance give all the resistance to endospores.
13) Although spores are resistant to dye, they still can be stained with malachite green.
Activities: Short Quiz and decide the adapoted microbes.
My own explorace:
1) Corynebacterium diphtheriae is the pathogenic bacterium that causes diphtheriae. Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a gram positive bacteria. Diphtheria is an upper respiratory illness. Diphtheria toxin is produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae only when infected with a bacteriophage that integrates the toxin-encoding genetic elements into the bacteria.
2) Fungus uses energy to produce nutrients and spores.
3) Carbon dioxide fixation also called Calvin cycle and it is light-independent reaction. The key enzyme of this cycle is called RuBisCo.
4) Microbial nutrition are substances that microbes used to survive. If the source of carbon come from carbon dioxide and the source of energy come from sunlight, this organisms are called phototrophs.
5) Hydrogen peroxide is toxic and it is found in hair dyes. Human and aerobic microbes have the enzyme to neutralise hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme is celled peroxidase. But, peroxidase are not found in anaerobic microbes. Therefore, magnetosomes are found in anaerobic microbes to protect them against hydrogen peroxide accumulation.
6) Microaerophile is microorganism that requires oxygen to survive, but at a lower concentration than that contained in the atmosphere. A faculatative anaerobes is an organisms that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable switch to anaerobic respiration if oxygen is absent. Too much oxygen is not toxic for faculatative anaerobes but too much oxygen is toxic for microaerophile.
7) Clostridium tetani is anaerobis, gram positive bacterium that causes tetanus.
8) Desiccation is the state of extreme dryness, or the process of extreme drying. Microbes that able to survive in desiccation are called xerophilic microbes. Xerophilic microbes are mostly archaea.
9) Clostridium perfringens cause gas gangrene which is a bacterial infection that produces gas in tissue in gangrene. Gas gangrene can caused myonecrosis ( muscle tissue death). The only treatment is through amputation of damaged arm or leg to control the spread of infection.
10) This is the video about the formation of endospores:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zCQLITFEb0
Reflection on this topic:
I have learnt how strong is the endospore. I understand why clostridium botulinum have the potential to act as biological weapons. Endospores can be anywhere and everywhere.
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